Characterization of afloqualone N - glucuronidation : Species differences and identification of human

Afloqualone (AFQ) is one of the centrally acting muscle relaxants. AFQ N-glucuronide is the most abundant metabolite in human urine when administered orally, while it was not detected in the urine when administered to rats, dogs, and monkeys. Species differences in AFQ N-glucuronidation were investigated with liver microsomes obtained from human and experimental animals. The kinetics of AFQ N-glucuronidation in human liver microsomes showed a typical Michaelis-Menten plot. The K m and V max values accounted for 2019 ± 85.9 µM and 871.2 ± 17.9 pmol/min/mg protein, respectively. The V max and CL int values of AFQ N-glucuonidation in human liver were approximately 4-10 fold and 2-4 fold higher than those in rat, dog, and monkey, respectively. Among 12 recombinant human UGT isoforms, both UGT1A4 and UGT1A3 exhibited high AFQ N-glucuronosyltransferase activities. The K m value of AFQ N-glucuronidation in recombinant UGT1A4 microsomes was very close to that in human liver microsomes. The formations of AFQ N-glucuronidation by human liver, jejunum and recombinant UGT1A4 microsomes were effectively inhibited by trifluoperazine, a known specific substrate for UGT1A4. The AFQ N-glucuronidation activities in seven human liver microsomes were significantly correlated with trifluoperazine N-glucuronidation activities (r 2 = 0.798, p < 0.01). In contrast, the K m value of AFQ N-glucuronidation in recombinant UGT1A3 microsomes was relatively close to that in human jejunum microsomes. These results demonstrate that AFQ N-glucuronidation in human is mainly catalyzed by UGT1A4 in the liver and by UGT1A3 as well as UGT1A4 in the intestine. This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version.